Solid oxide fuel cell system

ABSTRACT

A solid oxide fuel cell system ( 10 ) comprises a solid oxide fuel cell stack ( 12 ) and a gas turbine engine ( 14 ). The solid oxide fuel cell stack ( 12 ) comprises a plurality of solid oxide fuel cells ( 16 ). The gas turbine engine ( 14 ) comprises a compressor ( 24 ) and a turbine ( 26 ). The compressor ( 24 ) supplies oxidant to the cathodes( 22 ) of the fuel cells ( 16 ) via an oxidant ejector ( 60 ) and the oxidant ejector ( 60 ) supplies a portion of the unused oxidant from the cathodes ( 22 ) of the fuel cells ( 16 ) back to the cathodes ( 22 ) of the fuel cells ( 16 ) with the oxidant from the compressor ( 24 ). The fuel cell system ( 10 ) further comprises an additional compressor ( 64 ), an additional turbine ( 66 ), a cooler ( 70 ) and a recuperator ( 72 ). The compressor( 24 ) supplies oxidant via the cooler ( 70 ) to the additional compressor( 64 ) and the additional compressor( 64 ) supplies oxidant to the oxidant ejector ( 60 ) via the recuperator ( 72 ). The solid oxide fuel cell stack ( 12 ) supplies exhaust gases to the turbine ( 26 )and the turbine ( 26 ) supplies the exhaust  gases through the recuperator ( 72 ) to heat the oxidant flowing through the recuperator ( 72 ).

The present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell system and inparticular to a solid oxide fuel cell system comprising a solid oxidefuel cell stack and a gas turbine engine.

WO2004032273A2 discloses a solid oxide fuel cell system comprising asolid oxide fuel cell stack and a gas turbine engine in which a portionof the unused oxidant leaving the cathodes of the solid oxide fuel cellstack is recycled with fresh oxidant supplied to the cathodes of thesolid oxide fuel cell stack to preheat the fresh oxidant supplied to thelo cathodes of the solid oxide fuel cell stack. An oxidant ejectordriven by the fresh oxidant is used to recycle the unused oxidant backto the cathodes of the solid oxide fuel cell stack.

A problem with this solid oxide fuel cell system is that the location ofthe oxidant ejector between a compressor of the gas turbine engine andthe expander, turbine, produces a very large pressure loss and thisrequires a specific gas turbine engine to be designed for the solidoxide fuel cell system. The specific design of gas turbine engineincreases the total cost of the solid oxide fuel cell system.

Accordingly the present invention seeks to provide a solid oxide fuelcell system which reduces, preferably, overcomes the above mentionproblem.

Accordingly the present invention provides a solid oxide fuel cellsystem comprising a solid oxide fuel cell stack and a gas turbineengine, the solid oxide fuel cell stack comprising at least one solidoxide fuel cell, each solid oxide fuel cell comprising an electrolyte,an anode and a cathode, the gas turbine engine comprising a compressorand a turbine arranged to drive the compressor, the compressor beingarranged to supply oxidant to the cathode of the at least one solidoxide fuel cell via an oxidant mixer, the oxidant mixer being arrangedto supply a portion of the unused oxidant from the cathode of the atleast one solid oxide fuel cell back to the cathode of the at least onesolid oxide fuel cell with the oxidant from the compressor, the solidoxide fuel cell system further comprising an additional compressor andan additional turbine arranged to drive the additional compressor, thecompressor being arranged to supply oxidant to the additionalcompressor, the additional compressor being arranged to supply oxidantto the oxidant mixer and the solid oxide fuel cell stack being arrangedto supply exhaust gases to the turbine.

The solid oxide fuel cell system may further comprise a cooler and arecuperator, the compressor may be arranged to supply oxidant via thecooler to the additional compressor, the additional compressor may bearranged to supply oxidant to the oxidant mixer via the recuperator, thesolid oxide fuel cell stack may be arranged to lo supply exhaust gasesto the turbine and the turbine may be arranged to supply the exhaustgases through the recuperator to heat the oxidant flowing through therecuperator.

The compressor may be arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant viathe cooler to the additional compressor and the compressor may bearranged to supply a portion of the oxidant to the additional turbine.

The recuperator may be arranged to supply a portion of the oxidantsupplied by the additional compressor to the oxidant mixer and therecuperator may be arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant suppliedby the additional compressor to the additional turbine.

The cooler may be arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant suppliedby the compressor to the additional compressor and the cooler may bearranged to supply a portion of the oxidant supplied by the compressorto the additional turbine.

The cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell may be arranged tosupply a portion of the unused oxidant to a combustor, the anode of theat least one solid oxide fuel cell is arranged to supply a portion ofthe unused fuel to the combustor and the combustor is arranged to supplyat least a portion of the combustor exhaust gases to the turbine.

The combustor may be arranged to supply a portion of the combustorexhaust gases to the turbine.

The combustor may be arranged to supply the portion of the combustorexhaust gases to a first flow path through a heat exchanger and theoxidant mixer is arranged to supply the portion of the unused oxidantfrom the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell back to thecathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell with the oxidant fromthe compressor through a second flow path through the heat exchanger.

The additional compressor may be arranged to supply oxidant to anadditional mixer via the recuperator, the combustor is arranged tosupply the combustor exhaust gases to the additional mixer, theadditional mixer is arranged to supply oxidant and the combustor exhaustgases to the first flow path through the heat exchanger.

The heat exchanger may be arranged to supply a first portion of thecombustor exhaust gases and oxidant leaving the first flow path throughthe heat exchanger to the combustor and the heat exchanger is arrangedto supply a second portion of the combustor exhaust gases and oxidantleaving the first flow path through the heat exchanger to the turbine.

The additional compressor may be a fan or a blower. The additional mixermay an additional ejector. The oxidant mixer may be an oxidant ejector.

The present invention also provides a solid oxide fuel cell systemcomprising a solid oxide fuel cell stack and a gas turbine engine, thesolid oxide fuel cell stack comprising at least one solid oxide fuelcell, each solid oxide fuel cell comprising an electrolyte, an anode anda cathode, the gas turbine engine comprising a compressor and a turbinearranged to drive the compressor, the compressor being arranged tosupply oxidant to the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cellvia an oxidant ejector, the oxidant ejector being arranged to supply aportion of the unused oxidant from the cathode of the at least one solidoxide fuel cell back to the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuelcell with the oxidant from the compressor, the solid oxide fuel cellsystem further comprising an additional compressor and an additionalturbine arranged to drive the additional compressor, the compressorbeing arranged to supply oxidant to the additional compressor, theadditional compressor being arranged to supply oxidant to the oxidantejector and the solid oxide fuel cell stack being arranged to supplyexhaust gases to the turbine.

The present invention will be more fully described by way of examplewith reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a solid oxide fuel cell system according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a further solid oxide fuel cell system according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 is another solid oxide fuel cell system according to the presentinvention.

A solid oxide fuel cell system 10, as shown in FIG. 1, according to thepresent invention comprises a solid oxide fuel cell stack 12 and a gasturbine engine 14. The solid oxide fuel cell stack 12 comprises at leastone solid oxide fuel cell 16 and each solid oxide fuel cell 16 comprisesan electrolyte 18, an anode 20 and a cathode 22. The anode 20 and thecathode 22 are arranged on oppositely directed surfaces of theelectrolyte 18.

The gas turbine engine 14 comprises a compressor 24 and a turbine 26arranged to drive the compressor 24 via a shaft 28. The turbine 26 ofthe gas turbine engine 14 is also arranged to drive an electricalgenerator 27 via a shaft 29.

The anodes 20 of the solid oxide fuel cells 16 are supplied with a fuel,for example hydrogen, by a fuel manifold 30 and a fuel supply 32, forexample hydrogen, is arranged to supply fuel to the fuel manifold 30 viaduct 34. The cathodes 22 are supplied with an oxidant, for exampleoxygen, air etc, by an oxidant manifold 36 and an oxidant supply 38 isarranged to supply oxidant to the oxidant manifold 36 via a duct 40.

The compressor 24 is located in the duct 40 and pressurises the supplyof oxidant to the oxidant manifold 36.

The anodes 20 are provided with an unused fuel collection manifold 42into which unused fuel is discharged. The unused fuel collectionmanifold 42 is connected to the duct 34 via ducts 44 and 46 such that aportion of the unused fuel is supplied, recirculated, to the fuelmanifold 30. A fuel ejector 48 is provided to induce the supply,recirculation, of unused fuel from the unused fuel collection manifold42 to the fuel manifold 30. The ducts 44, 46 and the fuel ejector 48form means 50 to supply, recirculate, unused fuel from the anodes 20 ofthe solid oxide fuel cells 16 back to the anodes 20 of the solid oxidefuel cells 16. The fuel ejector 48 pressurises the unused fuel and mixesthe unused fuel with the fuel supplied by the fuel supply 32 through theduct 34 to the fuel manifold 30. Only fuel from the fuel supply 32 flowsin a first portion 34A of the duct 34 between the fuel supply 32 and thefuel ejector 48. The fuel from the fuel supply 32 and the portion of theunused fuel from the anodes 20 of the solid oxide fuel cells 16 aftermixing by the fuel ejector 48 is supplied through a second portion 34Bof the duct 34 to the fuel manifold 30.

The unused fuel collection manifold 42 is also connected to a combustor52 via the duct 44 and a further duct 54 such that a second portion ofthe unused fuel is supplied to the combustor 52.

The cathodes 22 of the solid oxide fuel cells 16 are provided with anunused oxidant collection manifold 56 into which unused oxidant isdischarged. The unused oxidant collection manifold 56 is connected tothe duct 40 via duct 58 such that a portion of the unused oxidant issupplied, recirculated, to the oxidant manifold 36. An oxidant ejector60 is provided to induce the supply, recirculation, of unused oxidantfrom the unused oxidant collection manifold 56 to the oxidant manifold36. The ducts 40 and 58 and the oxidant ejector 60 form means 61 tosupply, recirculate, unused oxidant from the cathodes 22 of the solidoxide fuel cells 16 back to the cathodes 22 of the solid oxide fuelcells 16. The oxidant ejector 60 pressurises the unused oxidant andmixes the unused oxidant with the oxidant supplied by the compressor 24through the duct 40 to the oxidant manifold 36. The compressor 24 isarranged to supply oxidant to the cathodes 22 of the solid oxide fuelcells 12 via the oxidant ejector 60, the oxidant ejector 60 is arrangedto supply a portion of the unused oxidant from the cathodes 22 of thesolid oxide fuel cell cells 16 back to the cathodes 22 of the solidoxide fuel cells 16 with the oxidant from the compressor 24.

The unused oxidant collection manifold 56 is connected to the combustor52 via the duct 58 and a further duct 62 such that a second portion ofthe unused oxidant is supplied to the combustor 52.

The solid oxide fuel cell system 10 further comprises an additionalcompressor 64, an additional turbine 66, a cooler 70 and a recuperator72. The additional turbine 66 is arranged to drive the additionalcompressor 64 via a shaft 68. The compressor 24 is arranged to supply aportion of the oxidant via a portion 40A of the duct 40, the cooler 70and a portion 40B of the duct 40 to the additional compressor 64. Acoolant C is supplied to the cooler 70 to cool the oxidant as it flowthrough the cooler 70. The compressor 24 is arranged to supply a portionof the oxidant directly, without passing through the cooler 70, via aduct 41 to the additional turbine 66. The additional turbine 66 expandsthe portion of the oxidant compressed by the compressor 24 to drive theadditional compressor 64. The ratio of oxidant flowing from thecompressor 24 via the cooler 70 to the additional compressor 64 to theoxidant flowing from the compressor 24 to the additional turbine 66 isabout 4 to 1.

The additional compressor 64 is arranged to supply the oxidant via aportion 40C of the duct 40 to the recuperator 72 to heat the oxidant. Afirst portion of the heated oxidant is supplied from the recuperator 72via a portion 40D of the duct 40 to the oxidant ejector 60 and a secondportion of the heated oxidant is supplied from the recuperator 72 via aduct 76 to an additional ejector 74. The combustor 52 is arranged tosupply hot exhaust gases via a duct 78 to a secondary inlet of theadditional ejector 74. The additional ejector 74 mixes the portion ofoxidant supplied from the recuperator 72 and the hot exhaust gases fromthe combustor 52. The outlet of the additional ejector 74 is arranged tosupply the mixture of oxidant and exhaust gases via a duct 80 to a heatexchanger 82. The hot exhaust gases are supplied to a first inlet 84 ofthe heat exchanger 82 and flow thought a first path 86 within the heatexchanger 82 to a first outlet 88 of the heat exchanger 82. A portion ofthe mixture of hot exhaust gases and oxidant is then supplied from thefirst outlet 88 of the heat exchanger 82 to the turbine 26 through aduct 90. The hot exhaust gases drive the turbine 26 and then the hotexhaust gases flow through a duct 92 to the recuperator 72 and aredischarged through an exhaust 94. A further portion of the mixture ofoxidant and hot exhaust gases is supplied from the first outlet 88 ofthe heat exchanger 82 to the combustor 52 via a duct 96.

The oxidant ejector 60 is arranged to supply the oxidant supplied by theadditional compressor 64 via the recuperator 72 and a portion 40D of theduct 40 and the unused oxidant supplied from the oxidant collectionmanifold 56 and the duct 58 via a portion 40E of the duct 40 to a secondinlet 98 of the heat exchanger 82 and flows thought a second path 100within the heat exchanger 82 to a second outlet 102 of the heatexchanger 82. The oxidant from the additional compressor 64 and theportion of the unused oxidant from the cathodes 22 of the solid oxidefuel cells 16 is then supplied from the second outlet 102 of the heatexchanger 82 to the oxidant manifold 36 via a portion 40F of the duct40.

The solid oxide fuel cell stack 12 is arranged to supply exhaust gasesto the turbine 26 and the turbine 26 is arranged to supply the exhaustgases through the recuperator 72 to heat the oxidant flowing through therecuperator 72.

The additional compressor 64 may be a fan or a blower.

The advantage of the present invention is that the use of the additionalcompressor, additional turbine, cooler and recuperator allows the use ofa commercially available gas turbine engine rather than the developmentof a specific gas turbine engine to operate with a large pressure lossproduced by an oxidant ejector recycling unused oxidant from thecathodes of the solid oxide fuel cells back to the cathodes of the solidoxide fuel cells. The additional compressor in particular increases theoxidant pressure, air pressure, at the inlet to the solid oxide fuelcell system and this allows the use of the oxidant ejector to drive therecycling of the unused oxidant, unused air, from the cathodes of thesolid oxide fuel cells back to the cathodes of the solid oxide fuelcells. The use of the additional compressor enables a conventional gasturbine engine in which the compression ratio of the compressor is equalto the expansion ratio of the turbine compared to the development of anunconventional gas turbine engine in which the compression ratio of thecompressor is greater than the expansion ratio of the turbine. Thecooler reduces the additional power required by the additionalcompressor, for example reduces the power required by about 60%.

An alternative solid oxide fuel cell system 110 according to the presentinvention is shown in FIG. 2 and the solid oxide fuel cell system 110comprises a solid oxide fuel cell stack 12 and a gas turbine engine 14.The solid oxide fuel cell system 110 is substantially the same as thesolid oxide fuel cell system 10 shown in FIG. 1, and like parts aredenoted by like numerals.

The solid oxide fuel cell system 110 differs to the solid oxide fuelcell system 10 in that a third portion of the heated oxidant is suppliedfrom the recuperator 72 via a portion 40D of duct 40 and a duct 104 tothe additional turbine 66 rather than arranging the compressor 24 tosupply a portion of the oxidant directly, without passing through thecooler 70, via a duct 41 to the additional turbine 66. Thus, therecuperator 72 is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant suppliedby the additional compressor 64 to the oxidant ejector 60 and therecuperator 72 is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant suppliedby the additional compressor 64 to the additional turbine 66.

A further solid oxide fuel cell system 210 according to the presentinvention is shown in FIG. 3 and the solid oxide fuel cell system 210comprises a solid oxide fuel cell stack 12 and a gas turbine engine 14.The solid oxide fuel cell system 210 is substantially the same as thesolid oxide fuel cell system 10 shown in FIG. 1, and like parts aredenoted by like numerals.

The solid oxide fuel cell system 210 differs to the solid oxide fuelcell system 10 in that a portion of the cooled oxidant is supplied fromthe cooler 70 via a duct 106 to the additional turbine 66 rather thanarranging the compressor 24 to supply a portion of the oxidant directly,without passing through the cooler 70, via a duct 41 to the additionalturbine 66. Thus, the cooler 70 is arranged to supply a portion of theoxidant supplied by the compressor 24 to the additional compressor 64and the cooler 70 is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidantsupplied by the compressor 24 to the additional turbine 66.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to acooler in the flow path for the oxidant between the additionalcompressor and the compressor and a recuperator in the flow path for theexhaust gases from the turbine and in the flow path for the oxidant fromthe additional compressor to the oxidant ejector the present inventionmay equally well be used without the cooler, without the recuperator orwithout both the cooler and the recuperator.

It may be possible in each of the embodiments of the invention if thefuel supply 22 is a supply of a hydrocarbon fuel, e.g. an alkane, analkene, an alcohol etc, for example methane, butane, propane, naturalgas, ethanol etc, to provide a fuel reformer in the second portion 34Bof the duct 34 supplying fuel to the fuel manifold 30 and the anodes 20of the solid oxide fuel cells 16. The fuel reformer may be arranged tobe heated by unused oxidant exiting the cathodes 22 of the solid oxidantfuel cells 16 for example in the oxidant collection manifold 56 or theduct 58 etc.

It may be possible in each of the embodiments of the invention toprovide a mechanical brake, an electrical brake or an electricalgenerator on the shaft 68, the additional compressor 64 or theadditional turbine 66 to control the speed of rotation of the additionalturbine 66 and the additional compressor 64.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to anoxidant ejector, it may be possible to use another type of oxidant mixerwhich mixes unused oxidant supplied from the unused oxidant collectionmanifold with fresh oxidant supplied by the compressor from the oxidantsupply. Although the present invention has been described with referenceto an additional ejector it may be possible to use another type ofadditional mixer. Although the present invention has been described withreference to a fuel ejector it may be possible to another type of fuelmixer which mixes unused fuel from the unused fuel collection manifoldwith fresh fuel from the fuel supply.

1. A solid oxide fuel cell system comprising a solid oxide fuel cell stack and a gas turbine engine, the solid oxide fuel cell stack comprising at least one solid oxide fuel cell, each solid oxide fuel cell comprising an electrolyte, an anode and a cathode, the gas turbine engine comprising a compressor and a turbine arranged to drive the compressor, the compressor being arranged to supply oxidant to the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell via an oxidant mixer, the oxidant mixer being arranged to supply a portion of the unused oxidant from the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell back to the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell with the oxidant from the compressor, characterised in that the solid oxide fuel cell system further comprises an additional compressor and an additional turbine arranged to drive the additional compressor, the compressor being arranged to supply oxidant to the additional compressor, the additional compressor being arranged to supply oxidant to the oxidant mixer and the solid oxide fuel cell stack being arranged to supply exhaust gases to the turbine, and in that the oxidant mixer is an oxidant ejector.
 2. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the solid oxide fuel cell system further comprises a cooler and a recuperator, the compressor being arranged to supply oxidant via the cooler to the additional compressor, the additional compressor being arranged to supply oxidant to the oxidant mixer via the recuperator, the solid oxide fuel cell stack being arranged to supply exhaust gases to the turbine and the turbine being arranged to supply the exhaust gases through the recuperator to heat the oxidant flowing through the recuperator.
 3. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 2 wherein the compressor is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant via the cooler to the additional compressor and the compressor is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant to the additional turbine.
 4. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 2 wherein the recuperator is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant supplied by the additional compressor to the oxidant mixer and the recuperator is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant supplied by the additional compressor to the additional turbine.
 5. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 2 wherein the cooler is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant supplied by the compressor to the additional compressor and the cooler is arranged to supply a portion of the oxidant supplied by the compressor to the additional turbine.
 6. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in any of claim 1 wherein the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell is arranged to supply a portion of the unused oxidant to a combustor, the anode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell is arranged to supply a portion of the unused fuel to the combustor and the combustor is arranged to supply at least a portion of the combustor exhaust gases to the turbine.
 7. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 6 wherein the combustor is arranged to supply a portion of the combustor exhaust gases to the turbine.
 8. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 7 wherein the combustor is arranged to supply the portion of the combustor exhaust gases to a first flow path through a heat exchanger and the oxidant mixer is arranged to supply the portion of the unused oxidant from the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell back to the cathode of the at least one solid oxide fuel cell with the oxidant from the compressor through a second flow path through the heat exchanger.
 9. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the additional compressor is arranged to supply oxidant to an additional mixer via the recuperator, the combustor is arranged to supply the combustor exhaust gases to the additional mixer, the additional mixer is arranged to supply oxidant and the combustor exhaust gases to the first flow path through the heat exchanger.
 10. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 9 wherein the heat exchanger is arranged to supply a first portion of the combustor exhaust gases and oxidant leaving the first flow path through the heat exchanger to the combustor and the heat exchanger is arranged to supply a second portion of the combustor exhaust gases and oxidant leaving the first flow path through the heat exchanger to the turbine.
 11. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in claim 9 wherein the additional mixer is an additional ejector.
 12. A solid oxide fuel cell system as claimed in any of claim 1 wherein the additional compressor is a fan or a blower.
 13. (canceled) 